Cereals in Morocco. Identification of species and varieties by isoenzymes and peroxidase profiles
In order to investigate more biochemical and molecular markers that could be of helpful support in breeding cereals in Morocco (south Africa), isoenzymes and peroxidase enzyme fractions, resolved by gel electrophoresis, were used.
Cereals in Morocco. Varietal identification by leaf isoenzymes
Genetic variation of 7, 12, 1 and 4 varieties of bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale and barley, respectively, was evaluated by electrophoretic analysis of 6 enzyme systems.
Isoenzymes studied are represented by peroxidases (POX), esterases (EST), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and endopeptidase (EP). Using leaf and root material, enzymes were extracted with half-diluted TAMET buffer (pH 7.0). Zymograms obtained after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, showed a polymorphism giving rise to 2-8 electrophoretic phenotypes. No differences were detected within each variety.
An isoenzyme-based key was established. It allowed the identification of 50% of varieties studied. Excepting the durum wheat Tunisian variety 'Karim', all foreign cultivars of the same species were completely identified; whereas, Moroccan varieties formed diferrent groups. This study shows the great help of isoenzymes for idrntifying cereals in Morocco.
Barley
showed an only common LAP enzyme phenotype A, which was also found
in durum wheats and the tritical varieties.
Possible relationships between cereal varieties forming different groups were, also discussed in this study. for more detail see Aouad,A., M. Mergoum & M. Baaziz (1996). Al Awamia 95, 9-19.
Peroxidases as biochemical and molecular markers of cereal growth. Case of different varieties in Morocco
Soluble
and ionically wall-bound peroxidases of four cereal species, represented
respectively by 2, 1, 2 and 3 varieties of bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), durum wheat (Triticum
durum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were prepared from
the root material. When grown under hydroponic culture, all varieties
of barley and the bread wheat variety 'Saada' were found to be of
high growth potential when compared with rye, durum wheat and the
bread wheat variety 'Achtar'. The ionically wall-bound root peroxidases
were relatively less represented (about 14% of total activities) in
cereal varieties of high growth potential. However, soluble root peroxidases
(about 86% of total activities) were abundant in the same varieties
when compared with cereal varieties of limited growth.
Positive correlations between soluble root peroxidases and leaf or root fresh
weights were found. When subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
soluble cereal peroxidases were separated into acidic forms (activity
zones A1 and A2) and basic ones (zones C1 and C2). The soluble acidic
peroxidases exhibited species specific isoforms, which allowed a rapid
and early cereal identification. Cereal peroxidases ionically bound
to cell walls presented high mobilities. Their slow basic isoform
was revealed at the zone C2.
The
ionically wall-bound acidic forms migrated at the activity zone A2,
common to acidic soluble enzymes, suggesting the presence of similar
isoforms between the two extractable enzyme fractions. More details available in Aouad,
Baaziz & Mergoum 200. Plant Peroxidase Newsletter 15, 13-21.
More details on plant
peroxidases. theoretical and applied aspects (pdf file)
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تبادل المعلومة عبر المواقع الإجتماعية
Selected publications, communications and thesis
KAHAMA ISSA, A., KOHAICH, K., BAAZIZ, M. & M. LABHILILI. 2019.. Quantitative and
qualitative aspects of soluble and ionically wall-bound peroxidises of EMS
mutagenized durum wheat lines (Triticum durum desf.), as tested for yield at drought
conditions. Agric Res 8:148–157 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-018-0361-3 ).
AOUAD, A., BAAZIZ, M. & MERGOUM, M. 2000. Quantitative and qualitative
aspects of peroxidases in some Moroccan cereal varieties and their
relationships with the in vitro growth potential. Plant Peroxidase
Newsletter 15, 13-21.
AOUAD, A., BAAZIZ, M. & M. MERGOUM. 1999 Les peroxydases, marqueurs
de la croissance et développement des céréales.
deuxième Réunion Nationale des Jeunes Chercheurs en
Biologie, Meknès (Maroc), 29-30 Avril. p.1.
AOUAD, A., BAAZIZ, M. & M. MERGOUM. 1999 Evaluation des peroxydases
comme marqueurs de la tolérance à la salinité
chez les céréales. Relation avec le calcium. In :
Biotechnologies, amélioration des plantes et Sécurité
alimentaire. Actualités Scientifique, AUPELF-UREF, Ed. ESTEM,
Paris.pp.447-448.
AOUAD,
A.& BAAZIZ, M. 1997 Evaluation des peroxydases comme marqueurs
de la tolérance à la salinité chez les céréales.
Relation avec l'acide ascorbique. Premier Forum de Biochimie de
la Société Marocaine de Biochimie. Rabat (Maroc) 17-18
Octobre.
AOUAD,
A., MERGOUM, M. & BAAZIZ, M. 1996 Etude préliminaire
du polymorphisme enzymatique révélé
chez quelques céréales aux premiers stades végétatifs.
Al Awamia 95, 9-19.
AOUAD,
A., BAAZIZ, M. & MERGOUM, M. 1996 Les peroxydases des céréales.
Relation avec la résistance à la salinité.
Première Rencontre Nationale des Etudiants chercheurs en
Biologie, 17-19 Décembre, Marrakech, pp. 12.
AOUAD,
A., BAAZIZ, M.& MERGOUM, M. 1996. Evaluation des peroxydases
comme marqueurs dans l'amélioration pour la tolérance
à la salinité du blé et d'autres céréales.
Journées scientifiques sur l'amélioration du blé,
Université Mohamed 1er, Faculté des Sciences, Oujda
(Maroc), 23-25 Avril.
J'AITI,
F., BENLHABIB, O., BAAZIZ, M. & EL HADRAMI, I. 1996. Androgenèse
chez le blé dur (Triticum durum L.) : effet
du préconditionnement par les ovaires et relation avec les
protéines totales, les esterases et les peroxydases. Journées
scientifiques sur l'amélioration du blé, Université
Mohamed 1er, Faculté des Sciences, Oujda (Maroc), 23-25 Avril.
AOUAD,
A., BAAZIZ, M. & MERGOUM, M. 1995. Evaluation des peroxydases
comme marqueurs dans la sélection des variétés
de céréales résistantes à la salinité.
5èmes Journées scientifiques du Réseau Biotechnologie/Génie
génétique des Plantes de l'AUPELF-UREF. Dakar (Sénégal),
13-15 Décembre.
AOUAD,
A., MERGOUM, M.&BAAZIZ, M. 1994. Révélation
du polymorphisme protéique et enzymatique de quelques Céréales
d'adaptation variée à l'aridité.In : Acquis
et perspectives de la Recherche Agronomique dans les zones arides
et semi-arides du Maroc, M. El Gharous, M. Karrou, M. El Mourid
eds. INRA et MIAC, Rabat (Maroc). pp. 398-409.
Selected
thesis
J'AITI,
F. 1997. Culture d'anthères et d'embryons immatures chez
le blé dur (Triticum durum L. et T.aestivum
L.) : amélioration de la régénération et caractérisation biochimique des potentialités morphogènes
des tissus. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures, Université
Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
AOUAD, A. 1997. Contribution à l'étude des peroxydases
des céréales en relation avec la résistance
à la salinité. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures,
Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
Liens utiles
- Céréales. Marquage des varietés au Maroc par les peroxydases
- Céréales. Marquage biochimique et moléculaire des espèces et variétés par l'outil des isoenzymes
Chaine
Youtube (abonnement). Plusieurs vidéos multilingues
- مجلة إخبارية - Newsletter
- NEWSLETTER BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University
Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
Email: baaziz@uca.ac.ma
Phone: 212524434649 (post 513)
Fax: 212524434669
